Hazards:

There are several primary causes of accidents in caving. If you are careful and know these causes, most caving accidents are preventable.

Trips and Falls

Trips and falls are the most common type of accident in caving. You are most likely to stumble towards the end of a cave trip when you are tired and not picking your feet up as well as you were at the beginning.

Pace yourself
Keep up your energy level by eating and drinking water regularly
Do not try to move with a dim light; this can make it difficult to see floor irregularities and other obstacles.
Always be on the lookout for potential hazards around the edges of pits and climbs.
Do not depend solely on your past knowledge of the cave, be aware conditions may have changed.

Rockfall

Rockfall is the second most common cause of caving injuries. The entrance areas of caves are exposed to large swings in temperature, erosion, and other factors which make them especially prone to loose rocks. Many large cave rooms are littered with large, loose boulders called breakdown. These rocks can shift unexpectedly when you are climbing up or down. Pits with rocks at the top can be extremely hazardous because the high velocity of a falling rock can cause major injuries.

Always be aware of people below you
Stay out of the rockfall zone
Do not count on your helmet or quick reflexes to save you from injury
If there is loose rock around you, you are probably in the rockfall zone
Yell "ROCK!" if you drop or dislodge anything, whether it is a rock, debris, or even a piece of caving gear
Do not look straight up if someone yells "ROCK!"
Be careful of shifting rocks if the passage you are going through is between or under breakdown
In a breakdown passage, avoid pushing or kicking the rocks

Getting Lost

Every caver has been disoriented in a cave at least once. Even with a good map, the complex, three-dimensional nature of caves makes them difficult to navigate.

Look behind you every once in a while; a cave passage will look different on the way out
Pick out landmarks at key junctions
Look at the structure of the cave to see if there is a regular pattern or trend to the cave that you can use to find your way back out
Follow the wind and remember whether the wind was in your face or at your back on the way in
Keep an eye on the person in front of you and behind you to help keep the group together

What to do if you get lost

Stay put; do not wander around
Put on your spare shirt and other dry, warm clothes
Eat a snack and drink a little water
If you are comfortable in the dark, turn off your light to conserve batteries
Pound rocks together to make noise instead of shouting yourself hoarse. This sound can be heard much further than your voice
Do not lie down on the ground or on a rock; this will only sap your body heat
Be patient and do not panic

Hypothermia

It is best to prevent hypothermia than to treat it. Follow these guidelines to prevent getting into trouble.

Wear the right type and amount of warm clothes
Stay dry as much as possible
Pack the right kinds of spare clothes in case of emergency.
If someone on the team needs to wear his spare clothes in order to stay warm, it is time to leave the cave
Even slow movement will help keep a person warm. Use a steady but measured pace to exit.

Dehydration